How to check car tire

1. Make sure the tires are "cold" (vehicle hasn't been driven for more than 2km) so the air in the tires isn't expanded from heat.
   
2. Look in the owners' manual or (on most vehicles) on the inside of the driver's side door for the standard cold tire inflation pressure. This number is the lowest PSI one would inflate the tires to and is suggested by the car's manufacturer. Read below for reasons inflation may be placed higher.
3. Unscrew the valve stem cap from the valve stem on the tire. The valve stem is a black pencil-sized extension near the hubcap, about 1" (2-3 cm) long.
4. Press the air pressure gauge onto the valve stem and record the reading given. If there is a hissing sound, the gauge is not tight enough for an accurate reading. The angle of the gauge may need to be adjusted.
5. Note that if the reading is the same as the manual's specifications, you are done after checking all other tires for the same pressure. If inadequate pressure is in the tires then fill air in the tires. Make sure you put in the correct amount
6. Replace valve stem cap. The cap does not hold air in, but it keeps dirt and moisture away from the valve mechanism in the valve stem, which does hold air in.
   
   

    
   

   
   

   
   

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How to Wash a Car by Hand

1. Park the car out of direct sunlight. This prevents premature drying which can leave splotches on the paint.
2. Set everything you will need near the car.
3. Fill a bucket with water and add car wash soap or dish soap in the quantity directed on its bottle.
4. Fill another bucket with plain water.
5. Hose off the car to loosen the dirt. Don't use a strong jet, as this can rub grit over the paint and scratch it.
6. Soak a large wash mitt or sponge in the soapy water, being certain to wash out any dirt in it, and begin applying it to the car. Do not use a brush on the car body -- this will leave little scratches.
7. Wash the car section by section, starting at the top. Circle around the car several times, washing lower areas with each round.
8. Rinse the dirt out of the wash mitt or sponge in the bucket with plain water frequently.
9. After one section is washed, rinse it with the hose before moving on. You don't want the soap to dry on the paint and stain it.
10. As you progress, keep the entire car wet, as this will prevent droplets from drying on the paint and leaving water-spots. You want to be able to dry the car with towels before it air-dries.
11. Scrub the lower body and the wheels last, as these are the dirtiest, grittiest parts. It's a good idea to use a seperate wash mitt or sponge on the bottom six or so inches of the car's body, as this can get especially gritty.
12. Use a long, skinny wheel-brush for cleaning the openings of the wheels. If the wheels are very glossy, instead use a sponge or a mitt to clean them just as you would the car body after hosing off as much of the excess grit. The clear or reflective coating can scratch.
13. Clean the tire sidewalls with a plastic brush to gently remove the excess plasticizer that (as is normal) oozes to the surface of the tire over time to protect the outer layers but can make it brownish.
14. At some point rinse the bottom of the car vigorously, from various angles, with a spray nozzle. This is particularly important when the car has been exposed to salt which, together with even normal atmospheric moisture, can rust the car quickly. It might be best not to do this before a long humid period in case it could speed rusting.
15. Dry the vehicle with fresh towels.
16. If bug, tar or sap residue remain, remove it using the procedure to:Remove Bugs, Tar, and Sap from Your Car.

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How the automotive engine works

2 stroke diesel engine maintenance & monitoring equipment
The Engine

Technically speaking, your car's engine is not a motor, although everyone uses the two words interchangeably. A "motor"converts electrical energy into mechanical work such as the ecm and starter motor that cranks your engine. An "engine," on the other hand, is a machine that converts heat energy into mechanical work. Your engine ecm does this by forcing the engine to burn gasoline inside its combustion chambers. When gasoline and air are mixed together in the right proportions (parts of air to one part gasoline is considered ideal) and ignited by a spark, the mixture explodes, creating tremendous heat and pressure. Although, combustion occurs in a split second, the ecm insures it does so in a controlled manner. When the spark ignites the mixture, a "flame front" sweeps out from the point of ignition like a rapidly expanding balloon until all the fuel mixture is consumed. This causes a sharp rise in cylinder pressure, and ecm performance which pushes the piston down and turns the crankshaft. Thus, heat energy is transformed into useful mechanical work to power your car down the road. Pressing down on the accelerator pedal opens up the engine throttle, which allows more air and fuel to be drawn into the engine. This increases the density of the fuel mixture in each of the engine's cylinders, which in turn increases the intensity of cylinder pressures when the mixture is ignited. As a result, the engine ecm develops more power, allowing it to either run faster or work harder, depending on the load. Let off on the accelerator pedal and the amount of air and fuel are decreased. Cylinder pressures drops and the engine ecm slows down.


In a way, you can think of an internal combustion engine as an air pump. The ecm sends signals to the throttle which allows it to pump more air through itself, and the greater the volume of air (and fuel, the greater the ecm output. That's why bigger engines require a high performance ecm to produce more horsepower than smaller ones. They have a greater pumping capacity. Unfortunately, internal combustion engines are not very efficient when it comes to making good use of the heat energy produced by combustion. Only about a third of the heat energy is actually used to drive the vehicle. Nearly a third is lost when the hot exhaust gases exit

out the tailpipe. By the time the piston reaches the lower limit of its travel. cylinder

pressure has dropped considerably from its peak which occurred shortly after ignition.

The engine ecm has gotten all it can from the expanding combustion gases, yet heat energy remains which must now be dumped out the exhaust so the cylinder can repeat the process over again with a fresh charge of air and fuel Another 20 to 25 percent of the heat produced during combustion is lost to the cooling system.

As the engine burns fuel. It begins to heat up. Were it not for the cooling system,

the engine ecm would continue to build up heat until it eventually melted and destroyed the ecm. So heat loss through this path is unavoidable. Another form of loss is overcoming internal friction: piston rings rubbing against the cylinders',

cam lobes rubbing against their lifters; valves sliding up and down in their valve

guides; the crankshaft turning in its bearings; etc. Yet frictional losses aren't as great as you might imagine. It's only about 5 to 8 percent for most engines. Even so, it's another loss that comes out of the useful work produced by combustion.

A percentage of the engine's remaining power is also required to drive "parasitic" accessories such as the water pump, alternator, power steering pump, ecm and air conditioning compressor. There are also frictional losses in the engine ecm, transmission, drivetrain, and tires.

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Pure electric vehicles (reference)

I am a skilled auto mechanic, this article I want to share with everyone a little bit about my experience electric cars. I am currently living and working in Vietnam can be so many words I used are not absolute accuracy.

1: Device Control
Control equipment is used to interrupt current flowing through the circuit. Control equipment including multifunction switches, relays, xolenoi.
Electronic control devices including capacitors, diodes, transistors.
Control equipment for start, stop or electric current again in mach.Hau all switches require physical manipulation to work, while the relays and electrically operated tu.Trong xolenoi this the reed switch to open and close the ON / OFF the circuit control device.

 
a.Cong rules

-Type of a contact switch: the simplest type of switch is the switch has a "reed" or "knife". It is either open or closed circuit for a circuit has a foot switch don.Cong go in and out of a contact switch.
 
Two-point contact type switch: A switch to a second leg of a wire into the switch and two wires to the switch ra.Mot phase transition is a clear example of the switch to a two-foot rule diem.Cong This supply line to the vessel shed light phase or early cos
Multiple-contact type switch: A switch legs much more contact switches are also considered "the", there are more mobile in the wires of different circuits in parallel

 

The switch machine is a good example for many to switch several feet legs diem.Moi line switch takes place outside the circuit at the same time depending on the location of the chan.Noi clear that the contacts will be closed on each position to determine when a point close
Spit-type temporary switch: This switch type has a spring load to keep the circuit when there is no spring force pressing the button press on the switch tac.Khi do it close to the back, drop the hand springs will push the contacts exposed. 

 
 
The image above shows a common type mo.Cong horn switch is a good example of impregnated thoi.An switch button switch, the horn will sound, releasing not cry anymore.
One other type is usually close to the working principle is similar tren.Lo circuit breaker contact spring holding force when pressing the button tac.Noi other circuit is maintained at steady state (communication circuits) until the force push button switch

 
Mercury-switch: a vote is made of plastic containing a sealed part in the election ngan.Ben plastic water are two further points dien.Khi switch back (vertical) mercury flooding the rest of the plastic tube with through circuit switches do dien.Cong mercury switches used in the detector, such a warning device on the other den.Nhung interrupt fuel use is not rising, and a number of applications for sensor khi.Thuy bags and bank erosion hazard caution when working with your hands
 

Bimetal-switch: a switch with temperature changes, also known as bi-metal switch, a bimetallic element to open or closed to a point at which do.Trong temperature switch coolant temperature engine (Engine Coolant Temperature switch) when the cooling water reaches the limit temperature (too hot), followed by the bimetallic element to contact each other through light circuit warning lights on the dashboard taplo.
The switch-on time (time delay switch) switch timing has a range of bimetallic, contacts and a heating element switches nong.Cong timing is often dong.Khi current flows through the switch, current is run through the heating element to heat it makes bimetallic range flexed and disconnect power mach.Dong continue to run through the heating element, the range is hot and bi-metal contact switches are kept open ra.Khoang latency before opening the switch contacts is determined by the sequence characteristics of bi-metal and the heat generated by heating element nong.Khi power to the switch is turned off, cooling and heating element array returned bimetallic original position and close contact lai.Mot applications commonly used by the switch timing is after the glass broke
 
Bureau of flash (flasher) fire department operations are basically the same as the time switch, except when the contacts open, the flow is stopped through heating element makes nong.Dieu range and bi-metal heating elements are cooled . bimetallic sequence will return to its original position at closing, the line ran through to score and the heating element once nua.Chu this process will repeat until the source to the fire department shall take di.Thuong it is used to turn lights (flasher turn signals) or priority lights (hazard lamp)
 
Relays

Relay switch is a simple remote control, it uses a small current to control a big line so it is used to protect the switch should also be considered as a protective device ve.Mot typical relay control circuit and relay control nguon.Ket structure consists of a core, a coil and a contact from.

  
Relay mounted everywhere on all xe.Hop relay, including large and small are mounted inside the engine compartment, in the bottom left or right side cabin cover, or often mounted under the taplo.
Roles are often associated with the grouping device
 

Lid of fuse box / relay usually has the name and location of each fuse, relay or other elements inside the melt.

 

Relay is an electric switch remote control and is controlled by a switch as the switch khac.Chang trumpet or a processor within a small current ECU.Role allow passage to control a large current through mach.Mot couple of relay design is used today may be 3 feet, 4 feet, 5 feet, 6 feet 
 
 
All roles are active ban.Chung same principles we will use the four legs of the relay for a second du.Role circuit: control circuit (green) and the circuit load (red). Circuit controller a small coil in the circuit load with a switch.
 

Open relay (relay energized)
Current flows through the coil circuit (pin No. 1 and No. 3) create a small field close contact (legs 2 and 4). Next point, is part of the load circuit, are used to no.Dong control circuit connected to the foot run over 2 and 4 when the relay is activated (open state)
relay off (relay de-energized)
When the line stopped running through the circuit (pin No. 1 and No. 3) relay becomes disconnected. There is no magnetic field, and the exposed contacts are prevented from running over the foot of No. 2 and No. 4.Role now disconnect.
-When no voltage placed on pin 1, no lines running through the coil day.Khong line means no magnetic field should generate a voltage when they ra.Khi put a pin number, the line passes through coil generates a magnetic field needed to close the circuit to allow a common point between legs 2 and 4.
-Relay is designed or normally closed (closed thường) or normally open (open thường). Pay attention to two types of relay contacts shown below

Normally open relay contacts open until the file (ON), a type of normally closed contacts closed until the file (ON). Roles are always reflected in the position may be offensive, that is, when not a line running through the coil and normally open circuit OFF.Role most used on each xe.Tuy course will be used depending on individual applications.

COLD-voltage (electromotive force REVERSE)
When contact is closed (left), current flows through the coil from the anode to the cathode represented by colored lines do.Dong electricity creates a magnetic field around the coil winding is day.Phia on the positive, the bottom is negative

When exposed to the (right), the line stopped running through the coil and magnetic field around the coil is no longer only a field tri.Khi lost in an induction coil will dayno a voltage on its own, creates a reverse voltage (up to several hundred von.Mac though still above the coil is positive but below the 12V coil voltage was born a few hundred volts positive. 200 volts so much more powerful 12V line now Power will run from the bottom to the top coil.

ROLE-MODEL VOLTAGE eliminate Forbidden
Roles are usually controlled by a processor (eg, radiator fan control relay medium speed relay and radiator fan control speed is two transistors in the ECU controls the opening and closing). When the relay is controlled by semiconductors such as transistors, they are forced to eliminate voltage device inductance to protect the semiconductor capital unbearable cao.Cac voltage semiconductor (solid-state circuits) vulnerable (vulnerable ) by voltage inductance

 

While some processors have circuit design eliminates voltage inductance inside, others make themselves feel suppressed voltage from within role.Dien become highly Ohm, diode, capacitors are used to eliminate ap.Diode electrical resistance and was used commonly nhat.Chu Note: relay usually clearly noted if any diode or resistor inside
A diode prevents line inductance is connected in parallel with coil role.No inversely with the direction of opening more so when there is no line running through diode.Khi interrupt controller relay (contacts open) line will stop running through the coil wire, causing the decrease of magnetic field lines from truong.Cac through the coil generates a voltage and reverse voltage in the coil day.Dien starts up len.Khi reverse voltage below the diode reverse voltage higher positive above 0.7V, the diode power diode will lead to the high voltage line to the destructive effects qua.Ket inductance voltage
 
Ohm resistors are sometimes used rather high for diode.Dien become more durable and can eliminate inductance voltage diode is similar, but the resistance will allow the line running through it each relay mo.Vi This relatively high resistance of the relay (600 ohms) to prevent the line running through it a lot.

 

Ohm resistor high voltage is not suppressed effectively by diode reverse
Identification-pin (pins identification)
Role to check, but often confused (misunderstood). Use a 4-pin relay, for example, first we must identify the manufacturer chan.Mot notes how to identify true external shell out only relay leg What is true of any control circuit and the circuit load is consumed.

Check the circuit to identify true
If the relay has no external label notes, we can use an Ohm Design and test to see how the legs can be seen through nhau.Ban a typical value of about 50 ohms to 120 ohms between the two chan.Day khien.Neu coil circuit is less than 50 ohms is a problem de.Tham documentation to determine the value read is appropriate khong.Hai OL leg show (undefined) if it is a common relay open, or 0 ohms if it is a normally closed relay.
 
If the measured value is correct, the steps to check theo.Chu Note: if one of the true measurement value only coil with the other leg show 0 ohms or OL relay is defective and needs be replaced.

After the legs are determined, click the control circuit by power supply B + to pin 1 and pin 3 connected to mass.

A "click" sound click the nghe.Mac whether this means that close contacts (or exposed), it does not mean tot.Tiep relay also switches the load circuit may still not good (cause resistance high), and required further examination by using Ohm circuit design information measure 2 feet and 4 feet. A common mistake that technicians make is they heard the "click" and thought that the relay is good.
Note: The relay test is required diode inside rieng.Nhung relay process is very easy to damage, the positive voltage B + set the wrong foot (back) instead of 1 foot to 3 feet and will connect mass damage and loss diode protection features of the relay.
 

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What's r u looking Ahead to a New Year, New Ideas, New Goals

Looking Ahead to a New Year, New Ideas, New Goals

With Christmas having come and gone and looking ahead to the coming New Year, I spent a good amount of time yesterday, digging through discs of reference material. I had sort of decided that this 'in between' week between Christmas and the New Year celebration would be a good time to relax, take a break, catch up on housework, clean my work room, restack the frame inventory, and so on and so forth.
Well, I got bored after restacking frames and decided to spend some time looking ahead at what work I need to think about for the first six months of next year. Fiddling through disc after disc of material, I managed to pull out and save a lot of images that sparked my thoughts as I looked over them. You never know what is going to become inspirational for a work till you have spent some time mulling over ideas.
I've talked before about how inspiration seems to hit me, coming at me from all angles and locations. Sometimes an idea starts with a vision in my head, sometimes it starts from being sparked by looking through a series of photos or sketch ideas, sometimes it comes from . . . I just don't know where!
As I begin to make a list of upcoming deadlines for specific 2011 exhibitions, jury competitions and ideas for new gallery works, I am open to any and all things that pop into my head. These initial notions will get refined in the next few weeks as I make more definite plans and work out kinks in sketch form, digging through reference material looking for images that suit or going out into the field to seek out images and locations that only exist in my head at the moment.
I will spend a bit more time this morning, looking at those images that I saved out yesterday to see if the initial spark is still there and if so, how I might consider them for specific compositional ideas. Once that has happened, I will look to see how I can plug in those settled upon ideas into my list of events/exhibitions/competitions for the first half of next year. This way, I will have a pretty good idea of what I need to do as far as laying out my work schedule for the next few months.
And thus, the process begins! The process of deciding what to do, when to do it and how to do it. This all may sound a bit too structured and lacking in spontaneity for an artist and creative soul, but it works for me! Being the rather undisciplined person that I have always been, I tend to need direction, goals to aim for and a written down sequence to follow to get me to those goals.
So as the New Year and its coincident new goals unfold before me, I will spend these next few days refining and coalescing ideas, formulating compositions and putting together a work schedule that, I hope, I can stick to!

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Happy New Year

I wanted to take the time to write a special note to thank everyone for all of their support during this year. I am truly blessed by all the kind people who take the time to visit my blog. All of the comments are heartfelt. I receive so many, more personal messages by email. Some that make me cry. I am honored that I am able to help people further their watercolor painting either through the DVD's or just from inspiration they gain from viewing my paintings. That means so much to me. ♥ Thank you also for allowing me my voyage into the unknown world of oils. I've been painting watercolors for so long that I needed some kind of new challenge. The oils have exceeded my expectations in what you are able to achieve with them. I think because of my leanings toward realism, the oils were a natural progression. I will still be painting watercolors, so don't worry, we'll find time for both. But, to again refer to Georgia O'Keeffe, one shouldn't be defined by their medium.


I hope everyone has a happy, healthy new year.

Warm wishes to all of you.

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